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Most people have suffered from muscle cramp at some time or another. They are fairly common in adults and seem to increase in frequency with age.

Muscle cramps are caused by an involuntary contraction of the muscle which develops into a muscle spasm. If the spasm continues then a cramp develops which can last for anything between a few seconds to a quarter hour.

Cramp in the leg, especially the calf muscle is a fairly common occurrence in sports people and can be relieved by either pulling the toes upward toward the head while lying flat or standing with the legs straight and feet on the ground then trying to touch a wall about 2ft away keeping the elbows bent with the forearm.

Soil commonly forms the top layer of most of the Earth’s land surface. It consists of the products of rock erosion and decayed organic matter. There are numerous microbes, fungi, bacteria and other tiny creatures which live in the soil.

For any person growing crops on a large scale or even for small time gardeners, soil erosion can be a problem and should be taken seriously. Plants of all kinds can be adequately protected by preventing soil erosion and there are a few steps which can be taken to achieve this.

Gout is a metabolic disease which affects the joints by causing excess uric acid to be deposited in the joints. It mainly affects males and leads to swelling and pains especially the feet and toes.

There are a number of medicines available to treat the disease, but there are other methods which any sufferer can try for preventing gout thus alleviating the need for medicines. Prevention being better than cure!

• Weight. Sufferers from gout are commonly overweight or obese. Gout can be both persistent or it can come at intervals. It has been positively show that people suffering from gout who lose weight experience a reduction in the intensity and periodicity of the gout attacks. The simple way of preventing gout is to lose weight.

Migraines are something more than a common headache. They are a very severe headache which causes a recurrent throbbing pain often only at one side of the head. Migraine attacks are frequently accompanied by vomiting, nausea, and disturbances with vision.

The condition tends to develop during childhood or the teen years. Migraine sufferers often have a family background of this type of headache, and while the causes are not yet fully understood, it is known to be much more common in women who can suffer attacks lasting from only a few hours up to several days.

It is better to discuss your situation with a doctor and try to pin point the events which trigger your migraine, but there are some things which you should note which may help in preventing migraine.

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of the body’s metabolic process which affects the kevels of sugar in the blood. There is no control of the sugar level due to an insufficient production of insulin.

There are two kinds of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes commonly develops during childhood and needs a daily injection of insulin. Type 2 diabetes occurs in middle age and can cause damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. This type of the condition can readily be controlled by dietary methods and medication.

Symptoms of Diabetes

• An abnormal thirst accompanied by a feeling of always being hungry.
• Unusual loss of weight.
• A frequent need to go to the bathroom to pass urine.

Xenophobia is an unjustified and irrational fear of people a person is not accustomed to, especially those from other countries. Many people become xenophobic about immigrants being allowed into ‘their’ country without the realization that both immigration of other people, and indeed emigration of people to other countries to work, strongly support national economies.

Many countries today are going through troubled times which all can be thought of in terms of globalization. Xenophobic feelings should not play a role in this process. We have to learn to prevent both religious and political xenophobia and all pull together to ensure the safety of our species homo sapiens, and the future of the planet on which we live.

The exact cause of any cancer seldom can be attributed to any one factor. Science can only examine trends and patterns within populations to determine a causal risk factor.

For example cigarette smoking is strongly linked to the development of lung cancer in a population, but does not explain why all smokers do not suffer from lung cancer.

There are genetic factors involved in the onset of many diseases which make a person more susceptible to getting the disease, and if a person is exposed to other risk factors the chances of getting the disease increase accordingly. It may well be that smokers who do not get lung cancer do not carry the genetic predisposition for that disease.

On planet Earth water is essential to life whether it be the salt water of the oceans inhabited by the many forms of sea life, or the fresh drinking water required by all animal life.

Water pollution can be caused by natural processes, but today the pollution is most commonly caused by human activity, resulting in the loss of many sea creatures and aquatic environments.

The disposal of sewage is a problem in many developing countries and it is often openly dumped in areas where it can affect groundwater supplies. In developed countries pollution is caused directly by agricultural and industrial waste being irresponsibly disposed of, and that does not include the tons of plastic waste, or the result of oil spills, which pollute our oceans, and rivers.

There are millions of people living in tropical climates that suffer from, or are at risk of suffering from dengue, or the more serious dengue fever.

The disease is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes and results in a high fever accompanied by severe muscle and joint pain. The virus commonly takes about seven days before the symptoms show which can also include a rash, eye pain, and nausea.

There is no cure for dengue and the disease usually clears up of its own accord except in very severe cases. If there are signs of bleeding from the nose or in the mouth then medicines which contain ibuprofen or aspirin should be avoided.

Anyone who has suffered from dandruff has had the experience of continually combing out the small white flecks which show in the hair, and having to brush the shoulders clean.

Millions of people suffer from the condition along with the persistent annoyance of having an itchy scalp.

There are medicated shampoos and coal tar soaps available for treating dandruff but are not always successful and the dandruff often reappears after a day or two, try a few of the following ideas for preventing dandruff from occurring.

• Wash and shampoo your hair on a daily basis. Rub the soapy suds well into the scalp to stimulate the hair follicles and prevent the build up of oils which can clog the skin pores. Use a recommended anti-dandruff shampoo to avoid any build up of the scaly, white flecks.